Kishmish grapes

Kishmish grapes are familiar to all of us by such a sign as the absence of seeds inside the fruit. But it is also worth noting its unique taste - sweet, juicy taste with nutmeg notes. It is adored by both children and adults. Kishmish is considered a dessert-table type of grapes. By the way, everyone's favorite raisins are made from it. Although the Kishmish grape is considered an exclusively southern plant, if the necessary recommendations are followed, it can also be grown in Russia. In this article, we will tell you about the varieties that are suitable for our climate.

Kishmish grapes: history

Kishmish grapes

This grape is native to Central Asia, as evidenced by its eastern name. The word "kishmish" is Persian in origin, meaning "dried grapes". Its first mention can be found in an Uzbek fairy tale in the 13th century.

Long ago, people noticed grapes with no seeds inside, this was due to a natural mutation of grapes. A little later, the growers continued to experiment with this species, and many of the rosiest varieties of raisins appeared - with white, dark, pink fruits.

In general, raisins grapes combine varieties with similar botanical data:

• Berries are medium in size, mostly small, dense or slightly loose clusters. The color of the fruit is different, depending on the variety.
• The skin is dense, suitable for transportation, 2-3 seeds, and they are very small, not noticeable, or absent altogether.
• The sugar content in fruits is about 20%, it is considered a very sweet species. Therefore, it is ideal for making raisins.
• Kishmish is very versatile in application. It is suitable both for consumption in its raw form and for the manufacture of various blanks, including for wine.
• Kishmish is very useful during or after illness for rehabilitation. It contains many trace elements and vitamins. Also normalizes blood pressure and supports the cardiovascular system

These are common characteristics for raisins. Next, let's figure out how each variety of raisins differs from each other.

Description of Kishmish grapes

The Kishmish grape has long been considered only a southern type of grape, but thanks to the many years of experience of breeders, varieties have appeared that can be grown in Central Russia. Let's consider some of them

Grape Kishmish Radiant

At the moment, of the entire species, this is the only one that has been included in the state register for cultivation in the North Caucasus and Ninevolzhsky regions. Radiant is considered a mid-season variety, ripening period 125-135 days.

Bushes vigorous, medium, with five-lobed, light green leaves. The surface of the leaves is shiny, smooth. The brush is not dense, with an average size of up to 500 grams, sometimes reaching 1 kg. The berries are conical in shape and medium in size. Flowers of both sexes, pollinate independently.

1. Among the advantages of this variety, one can single out a juicy, sweet taste with a taste of nutmeg, rated by tasters at 9.1. The yield indicator is average - 126 centners per hectare. Amazed gray mold by only three points, by mildew by 4 points, by oidium by 1 point.

Easy to transport due to its dense skin. Among the disadvantages: high yield and heavy bunches break branches, not resistant to frost.

Variety Moldavsky

The variety is mid-season, the ripening period is 150 days. The plant is vigorous, the fruits are medium (4-6g), round or oval, the brushes are large up to 600 grams.The skin, although thin, is strong enough, the color is light purple with a bloom, we are like wax.

Advantages: pleasant taste, fleshy flesh, rarely amazed by mile and folloxere. It perfectly tolerates transportation, can be stored for up to 180 days. Frost-resistant - withstands up to -18 degrees. Of the shortcomings - it is affected by gray rot, leaf roll.

White Kishmish Grape

Medium late variety, ripening period - up to 180 days. Suitable for growing in the middle lane. Bunches of cylindrical shape, large, weighing up to 300 grams. The berries are small, yellow and light amber in color. The skin is thin, the fruits have a sweet and sour taste.

Of the advantages, one can single out: good frost resistance, the berries are tasty, juicy, there are no bones.

Of the minuses: the crop is small, the skin is not suitable for transportation, it is not resistant to diseases and pests. This variety of raisins is more suitable for drying, for making raisins, because it does not tolerate transportation in its raw form.

Rusball

Mid-season raisin variety - 125 days. Bushes are large, spreading. Very large bunches, weighing up to 1.5 kg. Berries are white, weighing up to 5 grams. When exposed to direct sunlight, they acquire a brown tint.

Of the advantages: frost-resistant, withstands temperatures down to -25 degrees, high yield rates, resistant to fungal diseases, ideal for making raisins. It also tolerates transportation well and is versatile in use.

Of the minuses: the branches need normalization, because under the weight of the bunches they can break. There are small seeds, berries can crack in wet weather. This variety also has an improved look - 13-3-6-2 Elf.

It was bred by Russian breeders by crossing Rusbol with Villar Vlang and Delight. Differs in an earlier ripening period - 110 days.

Century

This variety appeared in America back in 1966, but is still in great demand, including in our region. The shoots of this are thick, stocky, the cutting takes root well. The variety is mid-season, ripening period from 120 to 135 days. Bunches of medium size, up to 700 grams.

The yield is consistently high for 2-3 years after planting. Sugar content by 13%, acidity 6 g / l. Of the pros; resistant to frost up to - 25 degrees, medium-sized bunches, raisins are good, the taste is harmonious with notes of nutmeg, berries do not crack.

Of the minuses: it does not tolerate long-term storage, it becomes brown, thereby losing its presentation.

Grape Kishmish Jupiter

This variety is also called the American miracle, very early ripe, ripening period is only 110-115 days. It was actually bred in the USA. Early ripe variety - 110-120 days.

Bushes of medium size, frost-resistant. Bunches of medium size - 200-500 grams, cylindrically - conical in shape. The berries are quite large, up to 7g, at first pinkish, when they ripen, they turn blue.

Begins to bear fruit in the second or even third year. The taste is richly sweet with hints of nutmeg. Sugar content by 21%, acidity 5 g / l.

Among the advantages: a very dense skin that is not attacked by wasps; very frost-resistant, up to 30 degrees, no shelter is required for the winter, the yield is stable, average, it tolerates transportation well.

Of the minuses: small bunches, berries may crumble, if not picked in time, there are seeds.

Grapes Kishmish Zaporozhye

Early ripe variety - 110-120 days. It got its name in honor of the city in which it was born. Bunches in the form of a cone, very large, up to 1.5 kg. And the fruits themselves are small, up to 2.5 g, oval in shape, dark purple in color.

Among the advantages: early maturing, consistently high yield, excellent-looking fruits - beautiful, oval, flowers of both sexes, self-pollinated, do not rot, mildee, powdery mildew. Frost resistance up to -25 degrees.

Disadvantages: small fruits, requires pinching, because the branches grow very much, because of large bunches they can break off. They acquire sugar content late, the pulp is watery, very susceptible to attacks by wasps, this is their favorite grape variety.

Hungarian

This variety is very popular and famous. Ripening period from 110 days to 150 days, is considered an early variety. The bushes are vigorous, with medium-sized clusters - 500-600 grams. The fruits are light green, ovoid, with a golden sheen, the taste is very juicy, the nutmeg is clearly felt.

Versatile in use: dessert and drying. Among the advantages: frost-resistant, up to -26 degrees, the fruits are well suited for making raisins, since they do not have seeds at all, they are resistant to fungal diseases, the skin is thin, therefore it is suitable for baby food. Unmatched taste despite early ripening.

Of the minuses: small bunches, if the harvest is late, they may lose their presentation,

Veles

A very early variety, it takes 95 to 110 days to ripen. The variety was bred by crossing Rusbol and Sofia, breeder V.V. Zagorulko. The variety is self-pollinating, but if pollination occurs with the help of other varieties, the yield will increase.

The bunches are very large, they can weigh up to 3 kg. Cylindrical or conical in shape. The berries are medium in size, up to 5 grams, pink in color, with an amber tinge, appear transparent. The taste is sweet with a nutmeg flavor.

Among the advantages: there are no bones, the skin is thin, suitable for a child's body, they can remain on the bunches for up to two months and not lose their taste, the berries do not crumble, the taste is good.

Of the minuses: not resistant to frost, withstands up to -21 degrees, it is necessary to cover for the winter, in wet weather the presentation is lost, is attacked by wasps.

Where does Kishmish grape grow?

The homeland of this type of grape is considered to be Central Asia. Kishmish has long been loved by winegrowers all over the world because of its good presentation, lack of seeds and for its high content of trace elements and vitamins. Thanks to the many years of work of breeders, it became possible to grow raisins not only in the southern regions.

Frost-resistant and early maturing varieties appeared. Kishmish prefers sandy soil containing potassium and phosphorus. There is such soil in the Crimea. It is an ideal region for growing grapes.

But nevertheless, it is successfully grown along the northern line Kiev-Saratov-Barnaul. There are even more frost-resistant varieties that are grown even further north, provided that it is imperative to cover the grape bushes for the winter.

The most important thing is to choose the right variety that suits your climatic conditions and the number of warm days should be 180 days a year.

Kishmish grape variety: pros and cons

Kishmish appreciated for such qualities as:

• the most important advantage is, of course, the absence of seeds, thanks to which it can be consumed both raw and dried.
• universal in application, used for the manufacture of raisins, wine, juice.
• excellent taste, suitable for baby food.
• most varieties are very frost-resistant, withstand temperatures down to -25 degrees.
• Kishmish grape is a good pollinator.
• supports the heart muscle, brings the pressure back to normal.
• shows consistently high yields, from 1 hectare 250 c.
• cuttings take root well and take root, even in the northern regions.
• early maturing.
• most varieties tolerate transportation well, while maintaining a decent presentation.
• also most varieties do not crack, but there are exceptions.
• they look nice, they will decorate any site favorably

Minuses:

• some varieties are prone to cracking and can fall out if they hang on bunches for a long time. Therefore, you need to carefully monitor the ripening, read the ripening dates of the variety in advance, and harvest on time.
• medium resistance to various pests, timely processing is required.

When to plant grapes Kishmish

To plant a particular variety, you must first decide which one is suitable for your climatic zone. As we can see, there are a lot of varieties. We hope our article will help you make the right choice.

Landing dates also depend on your weather. If you have a very cold winter, then you should not plant grapes in the fall, he will not survive the winter. In this case, we plant the raisins in the spring. It will have enough time to take root over the summer.

The temperature in the soil should be about 10 degrees. This soil is usually in April and early May. If it is lower, the roots may freeze without rooting.

In autumn we plant in the southern regions, with relatively warm winters. But there is a big risk here: the rooting period is short, not all seedlings will survive the winter. The optimal planting time is October, before frost. To prevent the grapes from freezing, you can make a shelter for him from a plastic bottle or sprinkle it with earth. It is customary to plant cuttings from autumn, from spring - seedlings.

Landing place

Grapes are an extremely thermophilic plant, so the choice of location is especially important. If you cannot, create the necessary conditions, it is better to give up the idea of ​​growing grapes. When choosing a place, one must remember that there should be no shadow, only an open place, well warmed up.

If there is a shadow at some point in the day, then the fruits will not have time to ripen on time. Thus, places where there are houses and other structures in the immediate vicinity will not work. Also, places where there are large trees forming shade are not suitable. The root system of the trees will take vitamins and minerals from the soil. There should be no drafts or northerly winds.

That is, the ideal option is a southern or southwestern area with a flat surface. It is necessary to check the depth of the passage of groundwater. Because Kishmish has a developed root system that goes deep. And in the presence of water nearby, the roots can fester, and the plant can die.

The Kishmish grape prefers a loose and fertile soil capable of passing oxygen and moisture to the roots. We choose loamy, light loamy, chernozem or sandy soil. The latter is most suitable, but the water will drain quickly.

The sweetness of the grapes depends on how much sunlight it receives. Considering that the raisins are vigorous growth, we choose the most illuminated area. We begin to prepare the soil for planting in advance. If you are going to plant grapes in the spring, then, accordingly, we prepare the soil in the fall. It is necessary to carry out a number of procedures:

1. It is necessary to level the surface of the soil, remove all unnecessary, clear of weeds, stones, debris.
2. We dig up the soil 65-70 cm deep. Along the way, we add superphosphate (100 g per 1 sq. M) and humus (3 kg per 1 sq. M).
3. Large clods of earth do not need to be broken. Leave it until spring - after accumulating moisture, they will break themselves.
4. It is hardly possible to find an ideal, ready-made soil for planting grapes, unless this culture has already grown there. Therefore, it is recommended to prepare the soil yourself. If sandy soil predominates, then add peat, black soil. If there is clay in the soil, it is necessary to add more humus, black soil, sand and crushed stones. If, however, it is acidic, then you need to add 1.5 kg of phosphate rock per 1 sq cm of soil.

Choosing a seedling

A correctly chosen seedling largely determines the subsequent development of the plant. Let's note the basic rules when choosing a seedling:

• The transplant is well tolerated by a seedling no more than 2 years old.
• Pay attention to the root system of the seedling. It should be well developed, free from signs of any disease, fresh when cut. You can even ask the seller to cut a slice and see.
• No traces of infection on the trunk. There should be no spots or thickening on it. If there are such defective signs, then the plant is not suitable for planting.
• The seedling should have one sprout with two to three buds.

Landing methods and rules

We prepare the pits in advance, 2 weeks in advance. The seedling also needs to be prepared. We place it in a container with water so that it absorbs the necessary amount of moisture for rooting. We dig a hole up to 70 cm, 80 cm in diameter. This depth and diameter is necessary in order to loosen the soil around as much as possible, since the root system needs oxygen.

Lay a drainage layer at the bottom of the hole. It can be gravel or broken brick. The next layer will be humus, turf soil and some sand. The soil that remains after digging a hole can be mixed with manure or other fertilizers.

On the northern side of the hole, we install a pipe with a diameter of at least 5 cm, tamp it, fix it, fill it with gravel. The support should rise 10 cm above the ground. Then we plant the plant, fill the fertilized soil from above. Two eyes should remain on the surface, if you have more, then you can cut them off, they will grow more efficiently.

The roots should be vertical to the ground. After planting, you need to tamp the plant well, then water it with warm, preferably settled water. After that, you need to mulch the soil. After three months, the shoots must be pinched from above.

The distance between rows and between plants is about 2.5 m. The planting depth may vary, depending on your climatic conditions and the composition of the soil. So, for example, in the southern regions a depth of up to 65 cm is permissible, in the northern regions it is more.

Kishmish grape care

After a successful planting, there is still a long time to take care of the grapes. Certain measures must be taken every month in the season. At the very beginning of the season (May), it is necessary to monitor the growth of the vine: we prune where it is necessary to tie it up. In June, we begin to pinch the shoots, remove the weeds, and make top dressing.

The most important thing in care is watering... The grapes are very picky about watering. It must be done at least once every four days. We irrigate abundantly.

In July, we continue pinching, apply fertilizers containing phosphorus and potassium, and preventive measures to eliminate pests. Grapes grown on sandy soil require 2 times more water than black soil.

Under one bush, we count 2-3 buckets of settled, warm water. On hot days, it is either more abundant or more often. Moreover, you need to water only at the root. If you water the bush on top, the leaves will turn yellow and dry out. It is necessary to divide watering into morning and evening.

Formation the bush comes at the rate of 10-12 vines per 1 m. In August, we apply potash fertilizers as top dressing, tie up vines, remove weeds and excess growth. Experienced wine growers say that each raisin bush requires 15 liters of water every week.

Two weeks before harvesting, we stop watering the bushes to avoid cracking the fruits, but continue to loosen the soil around. If watering is untimely, the roots will begin to grow deeper in search of water, thereby the plant will slowly dry out, the leaves will fall off, and shoots will not develop. And as a result, there will be no fruits or they will not be juicy, wild.

Concerning top dressing, then here you need to do everything in moderation, in a timely manner. In the spring, for the growth of shoots, you need to apply nitrogen or organic fertilizers. We make the second feeding during the formation of the fruit. For them to be juicy and sweet, they need phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Nitrogen is not needed during this period.

Kishmish does not like excessive feeding, fattening vines somewhat reduce the development of the plant and fruiting.

Pruning

To form a bush, to increase yields, grapes must be cut off already in spring, regardless of the age of the seedling or bush. And we continue to form even before reaching 3-4 years. A well-groomed bush will always do more good.

We count on 10 vines per 1 m of the plant, this procedure is necessary so that the bush is not overloaded. Kishmish, as a native of Central Asia, differs in that its first five buds are sterile.Also, the bush is vigorous, so even 8 eyes can be left.

It turns out that on an adult bush there should be 25 vines per 6 sq. m, young - 12 vines. It is also necessary to remove unnecessary and weak branches. We leave two brushes on one shoot.

Preparing for winter

As we said earlier, in the southern regions there is no need to shelter grapes for the winter. The situation is different in the northern regions. Although most varieties of raisins are frost-resistant, this does not exclude the fact that without special preparation they can freeze.

The threat is not so much the temperature itself, but the frosty crust that forms on the roots and on the soil. To preserve the bushes in the winter, you need to perform a number of procedures:

• weed out all weeds after harvest. This will keep moisture in the roots of the grapes.
• so that the bushes do not deplete and freeze, they need phosphorus and potassium supplements.
• the last stage of preparation is the shelter. To do this, it is necessary to remove the plant from the supports, collect it in a bundle, bend it to the ground, fix it with pins. Then cover with material and cover with earth with a layer of 20-25 cm. In some cases, structures are even made of plywood.

Before preparing the vine in this way for winter, the soil itself must be well moistened. Because moisture will help keep you warm.

Diseases and pests of grapes Kishmish

Today, the stores offer many drugs for various diseases and pests. When choosing this or that drug, do not forget that in order for the pests not to get used to the poison, you need to alternate the drugs: fungicidal with insecticidal.

Let's look at the most common raisins diseases:

1. White rot... The lesions are the stalks, ridges, and then the fruits. Most susceptible to infection after hail or after sunburn. To exclude this disease in the early stages, you need to make good pruning of the bushes so that there is better ventilation. Bordeaux liquid 4%, Kaptan solution 5%, TMDT suspension 1% are used as treatment.
2. Gray rot... From this disease, dark spots first appear on the berries, then they crack and become covered with fluff. To prevent disease, you need good sunlight, correct and timely pruning. If found, the only treatment is to eliminate the affected areas or the entire bush. There is no special drug.
3. Rubella. Grapes are susceptible to this disease at the very beginning of growth, in April-May. Signs are brown spots, then leaf drying and falling off. As a preventive measure, spraying with a solution of 1% Bordeaux liquid is used. Timely soil fertilization is necessary. For treatment, a solution of Tsineb 0.5% is also used.

Such pests like to feast on Kishmish grapes:

1. Leaf roll... These pests are destroyed by the fruit. They attack buds and ovaries first. This then causes the berries to rot. The larvae of these butterflies can remain in the bark and survive the winter. Therefore, after the shelter has been removed, it is necessary to remove the dead bark and burn it mercilessly. If they appeared in the current season, then you need to set traps. Wine slurry is poured into the container in a ratio of 1: 3 and set at a distance of 0.7 m from the ground. If caterpillars are found, Votafox can be used.
2. Wasps... These insects render the fruit unusable. They lose their presentation and become unstable. We fight these insects with all available means. We make traps, baits, up to the use of chemicals. Wasps are deterred by some types of plants, for example, basil, mint, lemon balm.

The presence of certain diseases can be noticed by the state of the bush. As we can see, preventive measures to combat diseases and pests lie mainly in correct pruning and watering.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to say that the Kishmish grape is a rather unpretentious plant.And its unique taste deserves to be grown. Thanks to the many years of work of breeders, you can choose a variety that is right for your region, and after some 2-3 years you will grow your grapes.

Kishmish grapes have many useful properties:

• contains many B vitamins. These are the vitamins that are responsible for a person's mood. That is, the use of raisins, improves mood and fights signs of depression.
• nicotinic acid is responsible for the normalization of metabolism.
• contains ascorbic acid, which has a strengthening effect on the body.
• potassium, which strengthens the cardiovascular system.
• oleanolic acid, which reduces bacteria in the mouth, freshens breath.
• vitamins of groups A and C, but they are found exclusively in ripe or dried grapes.

Regular use of Kishmish improves mood, improves health, and reduces the risk of developing heart disease. It is also used in cooking, for making homemade wine, and, of course, for making raisins.

But there is a number contraindications:

• excessive consumption leads to obesity.
• contraindicated in diabetes mellitus.
• not recommended for stomach ulcers, pancreatitis, cholecystitis.

In general, you cannot exceed the daily intake of more than 25 pieces, otherwise diarrhea may develop and lead to nausea. In any business, you need to know when to stop.

Successful planting and growing.